Summary
- Registrar
- —
- Status
- Active
- Created on
- October 22, 1997
- Expires on
- —
- Name servers
- —
- Mail servers
- —
- DKIM
- No key found among the common selectors
- Website
- See the website
MX, SPF, DKIM and DMARC: the e-mail records
Four DNS records make a domain's e-mail work. MX says where e-mails sent to groupware.com.hk arrive; SPF, DKIM and DMARC let mail servers check that an e-mail claiming to come from groupware.com.hk was really sent by this domain, which protects it against spoofing.
MX
An MX (Mail Exchanger) record designates a server that receives e-mails sent to the domain. When someone writes to an @groupware.com.hk address, their mail server queries the DNS for the domain's MX records, then delivers the message to the server they point to.
Example record
groupware.com.hk MX 10 mx1.groupware.com.hk. groupware.com.hk MX 20 mx2.groupware.com.hk.
What the record contains
- 10, 20
- Priority: the server with the lowest number is tried first. Servers with equal priority share the load.
- mx1.groupware.com.hk.
- Host name of the mail server. It must point to an A or AAAA record: an IP address or an alias (CNAME) is not allowed here.
- 0 .
- An MX "0 .", called a null MX, declares that the domain accepts no e-mail: sending servers give up at once instead of retrying.
Declaring at least two servers with different priorities avoids losing e-mails during an outage: sending servers retry for several days and fall back on the backup server. Without any MX, they try to deliver directly to the IP address of the domain.
SPF
SPF (Sender Policy Framework) is a TXT record listing the servers allowed to send e-mails on behalf of the domain. The receiving server checks that the sender is on this list. The final "all" rule says what to do with other servers: reject them (-all), flag their e-mails as suspicious (~all) or make no decision (?all).
Example record
groupware.com.hk TXT "v=spf1 mx include:_spf.google.com ip4:192.0.2.10 -all"
What the record contains
- v=spf1
- Identifies the record as an SPF policy. It must come first.
- ip4, ip6
- Allows a specific IP address or an address range, for example ip4:192.0.2.0/24.
- a, mx
- Allows the addresses of the domain itself (A record) or those of its mail servers (MX).
- include
- Allows the servers of another domain, usually a sending service: include:_spf.google.com for Google Workspace.
- -all, ~all
- Final rule, applied to every other server. Its qualifier decides what happens to them: - rejects them, ~ flags their e-mails as suspicious, ? makes no decision, + accepts them (avoid it).
A domain must publish only one SPF record, and its evaluation cannot exceed 10 DNS lookups (include, a, mx, exists, redirect). Beyond that, mail servers treat it as invalid.
DKIM
DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail) signs every outgoing e-mail with a private key. The matching public key is published in a TXT record at selector._domainkey.groupware.com.hk, so the recipient can check that the message really comes from the domain and was not altered on the way. The selector is chosen by each sending service and cannot be guessed: Dataweaz checks the most common ones (Google Workspace, Microsoft 365, Mailchimp, SendGrid…), so a key published under another selector may exist without appearing here.
Example record
google._domainkey.groupware.com.hk TXT "v=DKIM1; k=rsa; p=MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA…"
What the record contains
- v=DKIM1
- Protocol version. Optional but recommended, in which case it must come first.
- k
- Key algorithm: rsa, the most common, or ed25519.
- p
- Public key, base64-encoded. An empty value means the key has been revoked.
- t
- Flags: y marks a key in testing, whose failures must not be penalized; s forbids its use for subdomains.
Each sending service publishes its key under its own selector (google, selector1, k1…), which allows several keys and seamless rotation. A 2048-bit RSA key is recommended today.
DMARC
DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance) builds on SPF and DKIM. Published on _dmarc.groupware.com.hk, it tells mail servers what to do with an e-mail that fails these checks (let it through, send it to spam or reject it) and where to send reports.
Example record
_dmarc.groupware.com.hk TXT "v=DMARC1; p=quarantine; rua=mailto:[email protected]; adkim=r; aspf=r"
What the record contains
- v=DMARC1
- Identifies the record as a DMARC policy. It must come first.
- p
- Policy applied to e-mails that fail the checks: none (monitoring only), quarantine (spam folder) or reject.
- sp
- Subdomain policy. Without it, subdomains follow the domain's policy.
- rua
- Address that receives daily aggregate reports about e-mails sent on behalf of the domain, whether they pass the checks or not.
- ruf
- Address that receives detailed failure reports, message by message. Few providers still send them.
- pct
- Percentage of e-mails subject to the policy, for a gradual rollout. 100 by default.
- adkim, aspf
- DKIM and SPF alignment: r (relaxed, a subdomain of the same domain is enough) or s (strict, the domain must be identical).
To roll out DMARC without blocking legitimate e-mails, start with p=none and an rua address, analyze the reports to find every service sending on behalf of the domain, then move to quarantine and finally to reject.
DNS records of groupware.com.hk
IP addresses (A and AAAA)
An A record maps the domain name to an IPv4 address: the address of the server that browsers contact to display the website. The AAAA record does the same for an IPv6 address. A domain can have several of them to spread visits across several servers.
No IP address: the domain does not point to any web server.
Name servers (NS)
NS records designate the authoritative DNS servers of the domain: they answer every question about its other records (A, MX, TXT…). They are provided by the registrar, the hosting provider or a dedicated DNS service, and several servers are declared so that the domain keeps working if one of them fails.
No name server found.
Mail servers (MX)
MX records point to the servers that receive e-mails sent to the domain, that is to @groupware.com.hk addresses. Each server has a priority: the one with the lowest number is tried first, the others take over if it fails. Without an MX record, the domain cannot receive e-mails.
No mail server: the domain does not receive e-mails.
TXT records
TXT records hold free text. They are used to prove ownership of the domain to online services (Google, Microsoft, Facebook…) and to publish e-mail security rules: SPF on the domain itself, DMARC on _dmarc.groupware.com.hk.
No TXT record.
WHOIS of the domain groupware.com.hk
---------------------------------------------------------------------- Whois server by HKIRC ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .hk top level Domain names can be registered via HKIRC-Accredited Registrars. Go to https://www.hkirc.hk/content.jsp?id=280 for details. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Domain Name Information: Domain Name: GROUPWARE.COM.HK Contract Version: Old Contract Domain Name Commencement Date: 22-10-1997 Expiry Date: null Re-registration Status: Complete Domain Status: Active DNSSEC: unsigned Registrar Name: Hong Kong Domain Name Registration Company Limited Registrar Contact Information: Email: [email protected] Hotline: +852 2319 1313 Reseller: CDN Variant / Punycode Registrant Contact Information: Company English Name (It should be the same as the registered/corporation name on your Business Register Certificate or relevant documents): GROUPWARE SOLUTIONS LIMITED Company Chinese name: Country: Hong Kong (HK) Email: [email protected] Name Servers Information: NS1.LASER.COM.HK NS2.LASER.COM.HK Status Information: Domain Prohibit Status: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Registry contains ONLY .com.hk, .net.hk, .edu.hk, .org.hk, .gov.hk, idv.hk. and .hk $domains. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- WHOIS Terms of Use By using this WHOIS search enquiry service you agree to these terms of use. The data in HKDNR's WHOIS search engine is for informational purposes only and HKDNR does not guarantee the accuracy of the data. The data is provided to assist people obtaining information about the registration record of domain names registered by HKDNR. You agree to use the data for lawful purposes only. In light of the General Data Protection Regulation, HKIRC reserves the right to not make available certain data on this WHOIS search enquiry. You are not authorised to use high-volume, electronic or automated processes to access, query or harvest data from this WHOIS search enquiry service. You agree that you will not and will not allow anyone else to: a. use the data for mass unsolicited commercial advertising of any sort via any media including telephone, email or fax; or b. enable high volume, automated or electronic processes that apply to HKDNR or its computer systems including the WHOIS search enquiry service; or c. without the prior written consent of HKDNR compile, repackage, disseminate, disclose to any third party or use the data for a purpose other than obtaining information about a domain name registration record; or d. use such data to derive an economic benefit for yourself. HKIRC in its sole discretion may terminate your access to the WHOIS search enquiry service (including but not limited to blocking your IP address) at any time due to, including but not limited to, excessive use of the WHOIS search enquiry service. HKDNR may modify these terms of use at any time by publishing the modified terms of use on its website. % Query time: 1204 msec % WHEN: Thu Oct 01 19:10:17 UTC 2026